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Tigers – A Symbol of Royalty

They are the symbols of royalty, strength and beauty and are the national animals of India. We are definitely talking about tigers. Currently, they fall under the category of endangered animals as they have been hunted by humans on a large scale for their amazing fur that fetches a higher amount of money and their claws and teeth are decorative items. The mass slaughter of their beautiful animal has reduced their population to such an extent that they are on the verge of extinction. There are many wildlife sanctuaries, national parks around the world to save this elegant animal from extinction.

The scientific name of the tiger is tiger panther and belongs to the phylum Chordata and the class Mammalia. The order of carnivores and the family of felids make up the complete order of the tiger. The tiger is native to South and East Asia and is an apex predator and obligate carnivore. The average body size of an adult tiger is 3.3 m and its weight can be 300 kg. Tigers are easily identified by the presence of dark vertical stripes on the orange-white fur and lighter underparts. The subspecies comprising the largest tiger population is the Bengal tiger and the largest subspecies of tiger is the Siberian tiger. They are very well adapted to their habitats and can be found readily available in the Siberian taiga, open grasslands and mangroves. They make their own territories and love to live alone and hunt with a wide variety of animals to get their food. When their prey is scarce, they do not hesitate to attack humans as well. Of the nine subspecies of modern tigers, three are completely extinct and the remaining six share the category of animals in danger of extinction. Hunting and fragmentation are the main causes of the reduction of its population. Tigers are the most popular and charismatic megafauna in the world.

The word tiger comes from the Greek word tiger which means arrow and refers to the speed of this animal. Tigers were distributed in Asia from the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea to Siberia and Indonesia in the past. During the 19th century, these animals became extinct in western Asia and were confined to a small pocket of adjacent areas. Currently, the only island that provides shelter to the largest number of tigers is Sumatra. Tiger population is also present in India, China and Southeast Asia. Borneo is famous for harboring only tiger fossils. Tigers prefer to live in those areas where there is enough green cover, plenty of prey and water resources available. Bengal tigers have a wide range of habitats. They live in the wet, evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of Assam, mangrove forests of the Ganges Delta, deciduous forests of Nepal and the thorn forests of the Western Ghats. They are good swimmers and enjoy playing in cold water and can swim up to 4 miles continuously.

Tigers are believed to have evolved from a tiger like cat Panthera paleosinensis whose remains have been found in China and Java. These cats are believed to have been present two million years ago in the Pleistocene and were smaller than modern tigers. The earliest true tiger fossils are believed to be between 1.6 and 1.8 million years old. Tigers are the most beautiful among all members of the cat family. They have rusty reddish to rusty brown fur coats with a white ventral area and a shade of white surrounding the face and streaks of black or dark brown on the rusty reddish fur. The number of stripes differs by subspecies, but each tiger averages about a hundred stripes. The stripe pattern is characteristic of each tiger subspecies and is used for subspecies identification. The striped body acts as a camouflage weapon and helps the tiger remain invisible in the vicinity of the prey and helps in getting it easily with less effort. Tigers have a white patch on the back of their ears called ocelli which acts as a social symbol and is found on all big cats. Other distinguishing characters of tigers include strong legs and shoulders like those of lions that help them grab and pull prey heavier and larger than their own bodies. Body size and body weight differ by species. Female tigresses are always smaller than males, and males are generally 1.7 times larger than females. This distinction is fundamental in all subspecies of tigers. The skull of the tiger closely resembles that of the lion with certain differences including a longer postorbital region.

There are currently nine recognized subspecies of tigers, of which three are completely extinct. These include the Bengal or royal tiger, the Indochinese tiger, the Malayan tiger, the Sumatran tiger, the Siberian tiger, and the South China tiger. These are the species of tigers that are present today and are looking for ways to increase in numbers equivalent to those in the past. In 1977 the government of China passed a law to ban the mass killing of this royal animal but it was too late and few subspecies had already faced extinction. Extinct subspecies of tigers include the Bali tiger, the Javan tiger, and the Caspian tiger. Tiger hybridization began in the 19th century when lions and tigers were crossed and the resulting cubs were named ligers and tigons. This practice was first tried in zoos and is under strict control of the Chinese government. Ligre is the result of the cross between the male lion and the tigress and the tigo is the result of the cross between the male tiger and the lioness.

The white tiger is the result of a well-known genetic mutation called chinchilla albinism. White tigers are really rare in the wild and are bred in zoos because of their popularity. The breeding of white tigers may also be responsible for inbreeding. The white tiger is actually not a subspecies, but the result of color variation, especially in Bengal tigers, and there is only one white tiger for every 10,000 live births. The gene that carries this type of mutation is a recessive gene and is carried by either parent. Another type of recessive genetic mutation is responsible for the birth of golden tabby tigers that have light golden fur, pale yellow legs and very faint orange stripes. The population of golden tigers is only 30.

Tigers are actually solitary animals but have well-marked territories. The extent of their territories depends on the availability of prey and the access of females. The tigress’s territory can span up to 20 square kilometers, but males have larger territories that can extend up to 60-100 square kilometers. When a young tigress makes her territory she prefers an area close to her mother’s territory, while young males prefer to make their territories in areas devoid of any other males. Males are very violent and often fight over females. Terrible violent fights occur between the males, especially when the female is in estrus and the death of the weaker opponent can also lead to this fight. Tigers mark their territories by spraying urine, anal gland secretion and also excrement. They also roar to defend their territories. Tigers generally feed on large and medium sized animals including chital, gaur, sambar, deer, wild boar and buffalo. Sometimes they also hunt leopards, pythons to get their food. Old or injured tigers that are unable to hunt often feed on humans, such as the Sunderbans tigers in India, they are man-eaters. Tigers also feed on vegetation for their dietary fiber and fiber from the Slow Match tree is highly favored. Tigers prefer to hunt at night alone or in groups and run at a speed of 49-65 kilometers per hour. Out of twenty hunts, only one results in the death of the prey. When hunting larger animals, they tend to grab themselves by the throat with the help of their forelimbs and the prey dies by strangulation. While feeding on smaller animals, they bite the back of the neck, sever the spinal cord, or often puncture the spinal cord.

Mating in tigers can occur throughout the tear, but the most preferred months are November and April. Females are receptive for only a short duration and within this duration mating must occur. A mating pair copulates very frequently and noisily like other cats and the gestation period is 16 weeks. The number of young produced can be 3-4 and weighing 1 kg each, blind and helpless. The tigress participates in the care of the cubs and the father does not participate in the care of the parents. After five months the tigress will give birth again to another set of litters if the previous ones are missed. After 8 weeks the cubs leave the den and are ready to follow their mother. There is only one dominant pup of either sex in the litter. The cubs stay with their mother until they are two and a half years old. Females reach maturity at 3-4 years and males at 4-5 years. During her entire life, the female gives birth to an equal number of male and female cubs.

The mass killing of tigers for their skins and the destruction of their natural habitat are responsible for the decline in the tiger population. According to the report, at the beginning of the 20th century, the total population of 100,000 tigers was reduced to only 2,000 in the wild. India is believed to be home to the largest population of tigers in the world. According to a World Wildlife Fund report of 3,500 tigers in the world, 1,400 are in India. A major project titled Project Tiger was started in 1973 with the efforts of Indira Gandhi to save this royal animal and is successfully running till date. Many national parks have already been established in India for tiger conservation. Not only in India but all over the world steps are being taken to save this beautiful animal from extinction.

Tigers are the symbol of strength and are the source of terror. However, they look dangerous, but they make our jungles beautiful. Come, let’s save our tigers from extinction.

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