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Oil Painting Art Course – Is Using Photographs OK? Edgar Degas and Norman Rockwell Thought So
Edgar Degas painted from photos: Degas became a painter just at the beginning of photography. He first had others take pictures for him for use in his paintings. Later, he became an expert photographer. Degas’ paintings show the influence of photography in the carving of figures. Before Degas, the whole person was inside the painting. In many of Degas’s works, the figures are cut in the middle of the leg or their figures are cut left, right and top by the edge of the painting. This crop comes from his reference photos.
Photos were a tool in his paintings, drawings and sculptures. Degas’ photographs looked like his paintings. His paintings were based on his photographs.
Students ask me if it is appropriate to use photos: I have a classmate from the art school I graduated from. He had a very distinguished career in painting all his life. He said whatever you do to help you develop a painting is a correct method.
Seven ways to project or transfer photos or designs onto your canvas:
1. Stick these on your easel for reference: There is a famous Norman Rockwell self-portrait (Google it). The painting shows Rockwell painting himself in front of an easel covered with photos of portraits of Rembrandt and Van Gogh and a drawing of himself. Rockwell also looks at himself in a mirror as he paints.
2. Opaque projectors: The opaque projector is a machine that projects photos, book pages or drawings by casting a bright light onto the photo from above. A series of mirrors, prisms and lenses project the image onto a canvas. The artist then draws the outlines of the photo onto the canvas using the projected image as a guide. Opaque projectors are available from Dick Blick, Jerry’s Artorama or Mister Art online or at some art stores.
3. Lucida Camera: A camera lucida is a lens on a metal arm that attaches to the artist’s drawing board. The camera lucida superimposes an image on the artist’s drawing surface. We see a scene or the reference photo on the drawing surface. You can then trace the outlines of the objects.
4. Mirrors: David Hockney, a well-known contemporary artist, was interviewed on “60 Minutes” on CBS-TV. Hockney asked Lesley Stahl to stand in front of her studio window, in direct sunlight, facing a mirror installed inside the window. His image reflected in the mirror and was projected inside Hockney’s dark studio onto Hockney’s canvas. This projected image can then be copied. Hockney had written a book called “Secret Knowledge” which Stahl interviewed. In the book, Hockney theorizes that artists in the 1400s learned to use lenses and mirrors to project images onto their canvases.
5. Print the photo or drawing on your canvas: You can print your photo directly on your canvas and then paint on it with oil paints. Inkjet printer paper suppliers offer inkjet printable canvas. You should ask your inkjet/canvas supplier how long their inks last based on scientific testing.
There are printing services that offer Giclee art reproductions for painters, photographers, galleries and museums on fine art canvas. Some artists use these services to make reproductions of their paintings for sale in addition to selling the original oil painting. Giclee (French for “a squirt”) is an inkjet process for producing very high quality and long lasting prints. A good supplier uses fade-resistant inks or dyes that some say last up to 100 years.
Other artists print photos on canvas on Giclee printers and then paint them with oil paints. Giclée prints are not only durable, but they also have no visible dots like most inkjet printers. Google “giclee printers” to find giclee print suppliers on the web.
6. Dark Camera: In his book “Vermeer’s Camera”, Philip Steadman posits the theory that VerMeer used the first version of the camera: the camera obscura. Camera obscura are Latin for darkroom.
How the camera obscura works:
- A box (or coin) with a pinhole in the front is placed in a well-lit room.
- The piece in front of the hole will then be projected onto the inside back of the box.
- Later, the camera obscura evolved into what we now call a camera. In a still camera, the film is placed inside the rear end of the box where the image is projected from the lens at the front of the box.
- Using the camera obscura principle with additional lenses and mirror, one can project a precise image onto a paint surface and trace the projected lines. Some suggest painting on the canvas directly guided by the projected image. People still make camera obscuras… Google “camera obscura” on the web.
7. Tracing: Some artists trace and transfer the outlines of photos onto their canvas or other drawing surface. They staple together a “sandwich” of the traced photo, a transfer sheet and the canvas. Drawing over the photo design traced on top of the sandwich with a ballpoint pen causes the color to transfer from the transfer sheet to the canvas. They then paint using the transferred line art as a guide on their canvas with the original photo(s) pasted next to their canvas as a reference.
Is the use of photographs acceptable? Like Edgar Degas and Norman Rockwell and countless other great painters and illustrators, I think so.
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